Non-tariff barriers are a manageable problem

Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade

that restrict trade between countries in agricultural commodities. Many of these policies are now subject to important disciplines under the 1994 GATT agreement that is administered by the World Trade Organization (WTO). The paper is organized as follows. First, tariffs, import quotas, and tariff rate quotas are discussed. Then, a series of non-tariff barriers to trade are examined, including v...

Non-Tariff Barriers and Trade Liberalization∗

This paper shows that governments have no incentive to introduce non-tariff barriers when they are free to set tariffs but they do when tariffs are determined cooperatively. We then show three results. First, with trade liberalization, there is a progression from using tariffs only to quotas, and to antidumping constraints (when quotas are jointly eliminated). Second, there is a narrowing of th...

Non-Tariff Barriers, Integration, and the Trans-Atlantic Economy

The InvIsIble barrIers To Trade how busInesses experIence non-TarIff measures THE INVISIBLE BARRIERS TO TRADE

The Question Tariff Problem in GCSE Mathematics

In GCSE mathematics there are many question parts (items) worth 2 or 3 marks. The mark distribution in some of these items is U-shaped – for example in a 2-mark item where the majority of candidates score either 2 or 0. Such items are effectively single-mark items being given double weight. This contributes to the spread of raw scores and therefore makes the test appear to be more discriminatin...